Climate change is now undeniable, according to a new study that was headed by the US National Oceans and Atmospheric Administration. It is already having a disastrous effect on small island states. The very existence of some of them, particularly those in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, is threatened. Caribbean islands too are endangered, as are countries such as Belize and Guyana with low-lying coastlands.

In the latter case, coastal erosion is reducing beaches that are crucial to the tourism industry on which all small Caribbean islands now depend. The Atlantic coasts of both Guyana and Belize are below sea level, but it accommodates most of their populations and their agricultural lands. Sea-level rise, therefore, threatens all of them.

The challenges that climate change poses to small states are not only overwhelming, but are impossible to solve with the scarce resources of their governments.

In a recent speech in Trinidad and Tobago, the Prime Minister of St Vincent and the Grenadines, Ralph Gonsalves, put the matter in clear terms when he said: "In mountainous states like my own, over 80 per cent of our major infrastructure is located along our coastline, within a few feet of the inexorably rising seas. The cost of adaptation and preservation of our infrastructural developments are daunting, and beyond our individual capacity to address."

While small states are the primary victims of climate change, they are the least contributors to the greenhouse gas emissions, which are the biggest contributors to climate change and global warming. Together, the harmful emissions of greenhouse gases from all small states account for less than 0.1 per cent of the global total.

In a fatuous argument, the US Department of Energy's Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre had rated Trinidad and Tobago at number nine in the worst emitters of harmful gases in the world in the year 2007. However, the measurement was based on population size, not on the volume of emissions. To underscore the silliness of the argument, the tiny Caribbean island, Montserrat, with a population of 10,000 people and no manufacturing or industrial production of any magnitude, was rated at number 17 in the world.

The reality is that, despite the per capita argument that developed countries and international institutions are fond of using to measure a range of issues to procure a desired (but illusionary) result, small states contribute little to global warming, but they are its primary victims as evidenced by sea-level rise, stronger and more frequent hurricanes, flooding and other natural disasters.

These same small states are also victims of the worst trading arrangements in the world.

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) makes no provision for their special circumstances, nor do the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Hence, small islands such as St Lucia (100,000 people) and St Kitts and Nevis (50,000 people) are treated in the same way in the WTO as the United States (350 million), Canada (33 million) or the European Union (400 million). No special rules apply.

In the IFIs, many small states -- and certainly those in the Caribbean -- are "graduated" from concessional financing because, on the measurement of per capita income, they are rated as middle-income countries.

The point is that small states are the casualties of climate change, but the large industrialised nations that cause the problem are doing little to help them cope with the difficulties that have already been created and that are worsening. The member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which are the world's most industrialised countries, are responsible for an estimated 77 per cent of the total greenhouse gases which were emitted in the past.

The IFIs that are controlled by the OECD governments have no machinery in place to provide small states (especially those in the Caribbean who have been graduated from concessional financing) with soft loans or grants to help them mitigate the impact of climate change, on their key trade sectors including agriculture, fisheries, forestry and tourism. And the terms of trade are punitive rather than helpful.

Indeed, small states are punished twice for their innocence. Their key trade sectors are compromised by climate change caused by industrialised nations, and then they are made to open up their markets for a flood of goods and services from the industrialised nations on the false premise of reciprocal treatment.

China, India and Brazil (now G20 countries) will be three of the large developing countries contributing to the projected increases, and they too have a responsibility to face up to the harm that they are doing to small countries that lack the financial means to pay for adaptation and mitigation.

Small countries should refuse to sign any more agreements until their plight is acknowledged and machinery established to address the harmful effects of climate change on them.

A high-level team drawn from the Caribbean, Pacific, and the Indian Oceans should be created to press their case at the next meeting of the G20. It would be a good occasion for frank talk between offenders and sufferers on an issue of human survival.

* Sir Ronald Sanders is a consultant and former Caribbean diplomat.